Simple 1 page journal entry on Kate Chopin Essay

Simple 1 page journal entry on Kate Chopin - Essay Example Chopin has also shown in the novel that women of that time had strong desires of autonomy and individuality but they were hardly able to fulfill those desires. In this short story, Chopin raised some important issues, which play their roles in the life of a woman. Some of those issues include importance of love and sex in marriage, factors of guilt and honesty, and sexual desires of women. Chopin revealed that women of that time had less freedom and they used to fulfill their desires using unconventional means. In this story, Chopin revealed that women of the late 19th century although had sexual desires but they used to keep their desires hidden because of the respect and esteem they had for themselves. In the view of Chopin, lives of the women in the late 19th century were focused towards their maternal roles and they had less freedom of expressing their sexual desires. Basu, Harsha. â€Å"Kate Chopins The Awakening: Role of Mademoiselle Reisz in Edna Pontelliers Awakening.† Ezinearticles.com, 21 Jan. 2011. Web. 30 Jul. 2011.

The Buying decision process Essay Example for Free

The Buying decision process Essay Consumer behavior is term used to describe the manner of how an individual buys and assesses a product or service. It also includes the internal or the mental processes and external or social processes that might affect the individual’s conduct (Consumer Behavior 2008). Figure 1. The Buying Decision Process Source: Bowens, Kotler Makens (2003) Purchasing products like buying grocery supplies seems like a mundane activity but a buyer actually foes through several stages of decision making before eventually making the purchase. It will all start with the problem recognition. A problem arises when the current status or condition does not coincide with the preferred one (Marketing Communications 2008). The awareness of this situation can be caused by an internal stimulus, like feeling thirsty and needing to buy a drink, or an external factor, like advertising of a store for a sale (Buyer Behavior 2008). The consumer may or may not continue to the next stage unless there is a strong desire to improve the condition or fulfill the need (Principles of Marketing 2008). Once the consumer decides to fulfill the need, the stage of information search occurs. At this stage the consumer seeks out options to be able to solve the problem at hand. It involves internal and external types. Internal search usually occurs with frequently bought items. The consumer just simple remembers past positive experience with the product (Principles of Marketing 2008). The weakness of this type is when the information stored in the memory is limited or the person is having a hard time remembering, the risk of making an incorrect decision is most likely (Consumer Behavior 2008). On the other hand, the sources for the external types are personal sources like relatives and friends, public sources like reports, commercial sources like ads and lastly experiential sources acquire through experiencing the product (Buyer Behavior 2008). The challenge for any marketing team is to identify how their target audience source product information. After which make sure that the information is always available and can be easily accessed (Principles of Marketing 2008). The information obtained during the second stage will then be evaluated in the alternative evaluation stage. The information will be put into set of options or evoked set (Consumer Decision Process 2008). The evoked set is the set of brands a consumer consider while in the decision process (Marketing Communications 2008). From the second stage the consumer acquired the criteria he/she is looking for and got the brand names that meet those criteria (Consumer Behavior 2008). This process limits the choices for the consumer, making it easier for them to make the final decision of purchasing the product or getting the service. The fourth stage of the process, purchase decision, now involves the actual purchase of the product. Since the consumer now knows what to buy in this stage, he decides where, when and how to purchase the product of choice (Marketing Communications 2008). During this process, three methods of purchase may be used by the consumer: fully-planned, partially planned, and unplanned. Fully-planned purchases are purchases where the customer picks out the merchandise and brand ahead of time. This method is usually used with high risk purchases like buying a house or car. In partial purchase there is a plan to buy a product but to what specific brand is decided later on. Finally, an unplanned purchase is a spur of the moment acquisition (Consumer Decision Process 2008). Although the consumer is already thinking of buying a product, this could still be altered at the point of purchase itself. Factors that could affect it are the store surroundings, time constraint, incentives offered in the store like a sale, product availability, and budget constraint. It is then important for the seller to make sure that these events are anticipated and avoided (Principles of Marketing 2008). Stores could make sure that the stocks are sufficient, the store is clean and the personnel are trained to provide good shopping experience, promotions like sales are position at the right moment, and that products are well organized and can be easily found. Following the purchase will be the consumption of the product and the consumer will enter the last stage of the process which is post-purchase evaluation. In this stage, the consumer will assess if the purchase solved the problem identified in the first stage. He/she will determine if satisfaction was provided by the action (Consumer Behavior 2008). Otherwise, the customer will feel cognitive dissonance, which is an unpleasant feeling or tension produced by thinking about two conflicting ideas. This is a state where the consumer stresses on the thought that the other choice should have been selected (Buyer Behavior 2008). Cognitive dissonance could result to product returns, viewing the product in a negative way or not considering the product as part of the evoked set in the future (Principles of Marketing 2008). Companies can prevent this situation by providing good after sale service to customers. For example. free technical support to electronic device like computers. Other methods are follow-up calls and market research. As shown above the decision making process of consumers is actually a complex process that involves many steps and could be influenced by different factors. The whole process could take a few minutes for simple purchases but could take weeks for important purchases. It is then a good tool for businesses to understand what happens in each stage to be able to present their product favorably to the consumer.

Times of India Internship Report

Times of India Internship Report An INTERNSHIP REPORT on  Market conceptualizing, Space Selling and Market Research Name of the Organisation: TIMES OF INDIA (TIMES GROUP) Internship guide in the organisation: Introduction I was interning with the â€Å"TIMES GROUP† in Lucknow from 10th February to 1st April 2014 . It has been a wonderful experience of the corporate world. Basically, I was associated with the Marketing Department which was â€Å"TIMES RESPONSE†,at initial days of my internship I had to call up the clients ,talk to them, and persuading them to advertise in the MEDICAL LISTING column in the NAVBHARAT TIMES. It was a different experience talking to clients who already advertise in the competition papers but still it was a learning experience of pitching to the clients and getting an idea about the local business and how a publication house works. I did get an experience of working for three major sectors i.e. HEALTHCARE, EDUCATIONAL and RETAIL. RETAIL- In this particular sector, I got involved in doing market scan and understanding the local to local business sectors in the city. HEALTHCARE- In this particular sector, I got involved in pitching the medical clients for the medical line plus column for NAVBHARAT TIMES. EDUCATIONAL- In this particular sector I got involved in pitching the coaching clients in different areas , persuading them to advertise in TIMES OF INDIA as well as NAVBHARAT TIMES. The purpose and the whole agenda of doing this was to get in touch with different segmentation of the market as well as understand the business of the publication house in dealing with each vertical/sector clients. Through this I got the basic idea of how advertisements on newspaper gets placed and at what ad rates the â€Å"TIMES GROUP† advertises in the market. DECLARATION OF THE STUDENT I Mefha Mathhew D/o Mr. P.J.Mathewkutty, certify that the project report is prepared by my personal efforts and authentic help under the guidance of Eram Qazi Ma’am and TIMES OF INDIA’, where I worked. Date: Place: Signature of the student: MEFHA MATTHEW (MJMC 4) ABOUT TIMES of india The Times of India  (TOI) is an Indian English-language daily newspaper. In 2008, the newspaper reported that with a circulation of over 3.14 million it had been certified by theAudit Bureau of Circulations (India)as theworlds largest selling English-languagedaily, ranking it as the third largest selling newspaper in any language in the world and the largest selling newspaper outsideJapan. Supplements Lucknow Times Lucknow Times Masala Mix Times Life Times Ascent Eduction Times Ownership The Times of Indiahas its markets in major cities such as Mumbai, Delhi, Chennai, Kolkata, Bangalore, Hyderabad, Indore, Jaipur, Ahmedabad, Surat, Coimbatore, Madurai, Trichy, Puducherry, Patna, Pune, Calicut, Kochi, Lucknow, Nagpur, Nashik, Panaji, Mysore, Hubli, Mangalore, Bhubaneswar, Visakhapatnam, Chandigarh, Raipur, Ranchi, Guwahati, Trivandrum, Aurangabad, Kolhapur, Bhopal and Varanasi. Each Sunday TOI publishThe Sunday Times(Sunday TOI). MISSION VISION Empower people into people leaders. Performance facilitating development and growth reflected in lateral and upward movements. A dedicated Capability Building Team that ensures these objectives is met by focusing on Induction, Functional Skill Programs, Young Manager Programs, and Leadership Development Programs. MAJOR FINDINGS The three key words on which I need to focus on were MARKET CONCEPTUALIZATION, SPACE SELLING, MEETING CLIENTS MARKET SCAN in all fields of information. They must have complete and qualitative meaning as not just a need but a right. There must be no compromise. TIMES OF INDIA has focused on addressing access to formal work along with inclusiveness based on realistic indicators in order to meet these challenges for providing quality news to thousands of people as masses as Quality information are inextricably linked. TASKs ACTIVITIES During my internship at Times of India, I had works upon many tasks given to me in the spot. The tasks were given daily on the basis of meeting clients and persuading them to advertise. The tasks were on meeting clients, understanding the local business, and market research. On the daily basis I used to meet 10 clients, and persuade them to advertise for the medical listing column in NAVBHARAT TIMES. DAILY ROUTINE WORKS: Meeting the Clients . Persuading them to advertise. Market conceptualization. Listing out the clients. Working for heathcare,Retail as well as Educational Sector. This mentioned work comes under the MARKETING DEPARTMENT of any newspaper organization. CONCLUSION In the analysis we come to know about the effectiveness of the TIMES OF INDIA. Also some of the major challenges this organisation is facing in its functioning of media. The various parameters are taken to check the effectiveness of the organisation. In parameters like transparency, effectiveness of the organisation, more work needs identification to the members of it which responded positively. This showed that the organisation maintains a good effectiveness in these parameters. Though there is high scope for improvement effectiveness in it since the members and workers of the organisation needed to be told more about the spreading itself in developing system. So, the training program designed for the workers are very fresh for the organisation as it helps the workers and freshers very effectively. As the performance of news network in Times Of India is well designed it needs only to get modified according to the changing times without changing its basic structure. It has increased in area of networking and circulation so that each person tends to know about the real and can knock the door â€Å"NorthEastWestSouth†(NEWS). APPENDIX My work performance in TIMES OF INDIA was on Market Conceptualizing, Market Research and Space Selling. Here are some samples of my work attached to it.

An Apolitical Blues Essays -- Economic Systems, Capitalism, Problems

An Apolitical Blues Ever since the dawn of the Industrial Revolution in the 19th century, capitalism has had both positive and negative effects on society and its people. With Capitalism’s goal to amass as much wealth possible comes technological change. Moreover, as wealth accumulates and technology becomes increasingly more sophisticated, this allows nations to become more advanced. However, with advancement comes unrest, for all the progress capitalism seems to cause, it also comes with criticisms for the effects it has on society. In their books, Michael Baumann and Tony Judt both find that capitalism has been a culprit in the problems that society faces today. Capitalism causes problems in society, because it creates labor issues, individualism, mistrust and isolation. The reactions to these problems are different from each other in both books, raising questions about history’s role in the changing attitudes of society and how people in society deal with problems in response to capita lism. In both accounts, the authors blame capitalism for the labor issues it causes. Baumann expresses frustration towards the decreasing value of craftsmanship in society. He explains that work is able to give one a sort of satisfaction, writing that the ability to â€Å"create something with your hands that serves a purpose† is the way one can find satisfaction in their work (Baumann 23). Working as a carpenter to avoid working in a factory, Baumann explains that even carpentry has been reduced to mindless screwdriver operation, making it no different from working in a factory (Baumann 23). Therefore, Baumann’s frustration is a result of him becoming an unskilled worker. Baumann’s eventual participation in terrorism links to the frustration he fel... ...unities, still benefit and use services which fall into the public sector, such as highways, police, and schools (127). This leads to a contradiction, Judt explains, â€Å"people who live in private spaces contribute to the dilution and corrosion of the public space.† What he means by this is that the very problems that people try to avoid through isolation actually cause the problems to persist, creating a cycle that seems inescapable to Judt, unless the mindset of the people changes (129). In conclusion, the actions of Baumann in response to capitalism and the inaction of the people in today’s society that Judt describes stem from the labor issues, individualism, mistrust and isolation that capitalism causes. The different reactions towards the same problem expressed in both accounts illustrate that as times change, methods for addressing conflict change as well.

The Ukrainian Higher Education System Today

A lot of us soon or late being either thinking students or worrying parents face with such problems â€Å"Which school is the best to study? Higher or Secondary Education† All this questions do not have clear and right answer but even though education is still one of the main and the most important problems of our society. So, how does the classical education system present itself? During the period of Renaissances- lyceums, colleges and gymnasiums were the main elements of High Education. And the basic subjects were Latin and Greek language, history and literature.Its aim was acquire of self-education skills, which in further life would help in studying out other subjects. In addition, this system of education was paid, that is why it was available to not all population. Classical education was substituted be real education, the foundations of which were exact science. Real education system has given the ability for developing of technical specialization. New, at that time kn owledge of math, physics and chemistry have brought into life electricity, steam machinery and electronic. In the beginning of the 20th century the education was still paid.But with the advent to power Communists Party, the education has become free. Free education became available for every person, even from villages, small towns and poverty from cities. The young state developed industry enterprises, built railways, were mastering virgin soil and Sibir. All this activities needed the specialists in exact science. In Soviet Union the school was chosen due to place of living. All school were the similar: the same program, same books, same education. Such position made senseless searching for another school.However, there was small number of special schools with deeper studying of foreign languages as German, French, Spanish and of course English. For the liquidation of illiteracy on one level with daily there also were evening schools, where adult people could receive basic knowledg e. Huge number of soviet people even having families wanted to be educated. Therefore Soviet Republics spaced a lot of means and attention to Higher and Secondary Education. The peculiarity of secondary Technical Education was receiving school education simultaneous with receiving specialization.Higher education stipulated for going out to better position in society. The quality of real education, on sample of Soviet Union, had given huge number of experts who later were demanded all over the world. In the end of 20th century great country died, as died its education system. New government decided to return some points of classical education. As you can see, among us someone graduated from simple school, someone from lyceum, someone from gymnasium. However, the attempts to resume the classical education were done partially.That means that the refuse of real education did not bring the increasing of education level. The fact is that all knowledge received must be used in labor activi ty. If it is not so- such knowledge does not make sense. The problem of our country today is small demand of technical knowledge. We really have specialists but they are old and they even do not have ability to share their skills with. We do not have enough factories to work, we do not have appropriate substitution for this, that is why we just simply cannot gave good specialist.We have bad statistic, there is small number of people who really wants to study and does it but then when they finally received their knowledge in our corrupt country, they prefer to use it abroad. The position of our villages is so frightening that young, just graduated students, do not want to work there. That is why now in 21st century every person have to clarify what to do and how, because who else will teach, treat and rule is now you choose irresponsibility, laziness and indifference†¦

Managing a Multigenerational Workforce

Managing a Multigenerational Workforce Monash University Jason Cheah Introduction A multigenerational workforce can present many challenges for organizations of today and are fast becoming a prominent issue for Australian HR managers. An ageing workforce and continual technological innovation are the main reasons attributing to the issues associated with a multigenerational workforce. To remain competitive organizations will need to utilize such a workforce to their advantage and this can be achieved through effective human resource development. The differences between generations are known to occur due to major influences in the environment in which early human socialization occurs (Macky, Gardner & Forsyth, 2008). These influences can impact on a range of factors of an individual including personality, values and beliefs, which will generally remain stable throughout adulthood (Westerman & Yamamura, 2007). The changing nature of the socio-cultural environment will also influence generational differences as individuals of different generations will have been exposed to different events and experiences during their developmental years (Beaver & Hutchings, 2005). A multigenerational workforce is an issue that cannot be ignored and the challenge then for organizations is to be able to manage, develop and maintain an effective multigenerational workforce. HR departments will need to recognize the demographics of their workplace and to implement an organizational culture that values and rewards diversity (Holland & De Cieri, 2006). This article will aim to address the issue of a multigenerational workforce and its impacts on Australian organizations and HRD. Using the case study of Mixed Ages Technology Corporation (MATC), the challenges and issues presented by managing and developing older and younger employees will be discussed. Then a brief summary of the case study will be followed by a discussion of strategies best suited for MATC to improve the morale of multigenerational workforces and HR’s role in improving efficiency between the Baby Boomers and the Generation Y workforce Issues and Challenges of Baby Boomers The global trend of an ageing workforce and government policy directions towards reversing early retirement trends raises the issue of the costs to employers with an ageing workforce (Brooke, 2003). Recently Australian government policies are being directed towards retaining older workers and reducing costs of pensions, health costs of retirees and superannuation payments; which are estimated to cost the country $46 billion between 2000 and 2031 (Brooke, 2003). This is having a direct impact on Australian organizations as an increase in age of their workforces creates an increase of the human resource costs associated with older workers, consequently making older workers more expensive to employ (Patrickson & Hartmann, 1995). However another worrying factor of a mature age workforce force is that with the impending retirement of the baby boomers; organizations will lose a wealth of experience, knowledge and skills that will be extremely hard to replace (Jorgensen, 2005). Difficulty in replacing such skill and experience can be attributed to Australia’s low fertility rate, and therefore a reduced supply of younger workers joining the workforce and the increasing skill shortages (Anonymous, 2006). This will lead to an increase of competition for talent and Jorgensen (2005) believes that organizations must look at new ways of retaining older workers and to make better use of their skills and experiences. Organizations will have an increased need to retain older workers by creating career paths to help older workers to break out of career plateaus, and to retrain those whose skills have become outdated (Holland & De Cieri, 2006). Organizations that fail to address the ageing workforce issue risk future staff and skill shortages. The key to managing ageing workers is to actively identify strategies to retain, retrain and integrate older workers into their workplace and to capitalize on their skills, knowledge and experiences (Holland & De Cieri, 2006). Managing and Retaining Baby Boomers Organizations need to be wary of losing a wealth of skills and knowledge that older workers possess through poor management (Beaver & Hutchings, 2005). As employees mature they are more likely to experience disengagement with the workplace and career plateauing, which can lead to an increased intention to leave. HR managers will need to work with both the employee and the organization’s goals to eliminate these barriers. There are various options available to organizations faced with the problem of retaining older workers. Providing phased retirement plans, moving older workers to part time work and creating more flexible working conditions can save organizations the costs involved with hiring new employees while maintaining older workers technical knowledge. Additionally it is important for organizations to recognize older workers personal commitments and their need for work life balance (Hutchings & Beaver, 2005). Contrary to the view of a career plateau, Armstrong-Stassen (2008) argues that majority of older workers want to continue learning and developing their skills and also desire a job that is challenging and meaningful. There will also be an increased attractiveness for organizations to hire mature age workers, even if it is on a part time basis, as older workers are readily available sources in terms of expertise that can impact the future success of the organization (Miller & Siggins, 2003). In turn HR managers will have a responsibility to have policies in place to encourage lifelong learning and knowledge management. However older workers can be a popular target during downsizing, and many experience hidden and open pressures to retire early. Addressing these issues through frequent training and feedback programs will assist older employees to feel valued by their organization. (Cadrain, 2007) believes that the costs associated with recruiting and training staff pays off over time, as the longer you retain staff the greater the return is on your investment. Therefore it is vital for organizations to retain and retrain not only the older workers but younger workers as well as generation Y workers present a different challenge for HR managers altogether. Issues and Challenges of Generation Y In a tight labour market the need for organizations to effectively manage younger workers, such as generation X and generation Y have become crucial. During the current skills shortage organizations will need to put new strategies in place to support proactive recruitment and HR policies. The high mobility of generation Y can be attributed to technological advances whereupon there is instant connectivity and experience sharing with others, leading to more information and inevitably more choice (Macky, et al. , 2008). Younger workers relish employment opportunities that allow them to learn new things, meet new people, to work in new ways and to take calculated risks (Schulman, 2007). Therefore organizations will need to include values such as flexibility, creativity and personal development when dealing with the management of younger employees. Due to the high mobility of Generation Y, organizations will need to focus on engagement of their younger employees. Younger employees are eager to showcase their talents when joining an organization, as they have not been tainted by bad working habits and are generally excited to take on new and challenging responsibilities (Fallon, 2009). Although this may be seen as a positive, keeping them happy and motivated requires different strategies than those that have been used with the baby boomers. It is widely accepted that younger workers care about much more than money; Holland & De Ceiri (2006) believe that work life balance is critical to Generation Y employees, while Fallon (2009) states that younger employees aim for a holistic fulfillment through work including feeling good about their job and a healthy balance with their social lives. This view is consistent in that younger generations need to have a perception of meaningfulness associated with their role. A lack of engagement from the employer can produce disillusionment, a lack of creativity and a lack of investment (Shulman, 20007). Organizations will therefore need to have HR strategies in place to retain younger employees and to keep them motivated and productive. Managing and Developing Generation Y There are many strategies that organizations can utilize in order to attract, train and retain the best young talent in the market. As generation Y have incredibly high expectations about the work environment, growth opportunities and rate of advancement (Downs, 2009) it is imperative for HR managers to consider the career plans of younger employees. Generation Y’s are entering the workforce in large volumes, and organizations that are unable to harness this growing resource will find themselves at a distinct disadvantage (Anonymous, 2006). Management of younger workers is crucial in times of financial hardship. Contrary to the view of (Miller & Siggins, 2003), who argues that older workers can assist organizations through financial as they are readily available sources, Anonymous (2009) states that organizations need to consider the long term prospects of generation Y’s. In order to keep generation Y’s challenged, HR managers may consider restructuring certain entry level positions so that the duties of the role vary. Additionally HR managers should discuss various career paths with younger employees and the possible steps in reaching such goals (Downs, 2009). Research shows that communication between managers and younger employees is becoming increasingly crucial (Fallon, 2009). As younger employees are used to direct, ongoing feedback in their developmental years they expect the same type of treatment from their managers. Especially as they have not yet experienced a recession, Generation Y’s will need constant feedback to remain motivated and productive. They will feel more valued and loyal to the company if managers are able to show that they care about the growth and progress of the employee. This will in turn have long term benefits and save the organization costs from a reduced turnover (Fallon, 2009). How organizations manage the generation gap is determined by the demographics of the workplace and strategies available to them. This article will now link effective HR strategies to Mixed Ages Technology Corporations organization culture and goals. Feeling Valued by the Organization There are several generational issues that confront MATC’s newly appointed HR director Tom Fletcher. Employee morale and productivity has dropped due to the rising tension between the baby boomers and the generation Y workers. The baby boomers of the company are unsatisfied with the amount of respect shown to them by the younger workers and are quite resistant to any change in the promotions system, which is based on seniority. On the other hand the generation y workers believe that there is a lack of opportunity for individual growth and oppose the current promotion system; they also believe that the older workers are outdated when it comes to modern technology. To enable both younger and older workers to feel valued by each other and by MATC, the HR team will need to address these two underlying issues. Initially the HR team needs to assess the generation gap by recognizing and openly discussing generational differences with the employees. McGuire, By & Hutchings (2007) believe that effective managers will help employees feel valued by the organization; therefore HR should be proactive in helping managers succeed in this area. As managers nowadays have to deliver in a shorter time frame and with limited resources (Aker, 2009), HR can provide coaching and mentoring programs and develop learning solutions and performance management tools to educate managers on generational differences and the best strategies available to manage a multigenerational workforce. However (Anonymous, 2009) argues that it is up to the employees to adapt to generational differences and that an assessment should be made to identify improvement opportunities within MATC’s organizational culture. The company’s current culture is one of continuous change and adaptation; hence HR needs to remind employees of this culture while adding a culture of embracing and encouraging workforce diversity (Aker, 2009). A diverse workforce is richer because there are many different perspectives, different learning styles and different attitudes towards work. Through effective human resource development, MATC will have the ability to harness this diversity into an organizational strength and investment for the future. Feedback Programs One of the biggest causes of generational tension is insecurity about jobs (Crumpacker & Crumpacker, 2007). Older workers may be involved in a transactional psychological contract and will therefore be reluctant to share information and resources will the younger employees. Additionally younger employees may worry that older employees will resent their attempts to climb the corporate ladder (Downs, 2009). HR needs to encourage an intergenerational learning environment and an environment of continuous learning and a continuous transfer of knowledge by addressing anxiety and tensions through positive reinforcement. HR also needs to reassure all employees that their contributions are valued and may even consider rewarding behaviours displaying knowledge sharing and acceptance of diversity. These types of career management strategies will help employees to feel greater job security and in turn less threatened by other generations. A commonly used strategy to instill confidence in employees and to make them feel valued is to provide frequent and timely positive feedback and offering public praise from management and peers (Cadrain, 2007). However HR needs to understand that feedback programs need to differ according to generational characteristics. It is not uncommon for HR to bring in change and communication consultants to train managers in areas of communication, feedback and negotiation to help managers understand such differences (Crumpacker & Crumpacker, 2007). As baby boomers are facing a growing pressure from a young demographic of workers, they will need to be reassured about that value they add to the organization. However baby boomers can be overly sensitive to feedback and can usually spot transparent feedback (Cadrain, 2007). In contrast generation Y employees rely of feedback from authority figures to assess whether they are on the right track and consequently they can struggle with the processing of feedback (Fallon, 2009). Therefore it is imperative to reassure younger workers that the feedback is designed to support their career progression, which is a major driving factor for generation Y’s. In the same article (Fallon, 2009) it states that it will be worthwhile for HR managers to organize more frequent gatherings among the staff and to explore programs that encourage greater collaboration. Improving Productivity through Mentoring Programs For a multigenerational workforce to function cohesively, MATC needs to build a culture based on open communication and mutual respect. A popular method for achieving such as goal is to encourage frequent group collaborations and teamwork. (Carnevale, 2005) found that brownbag training sessions, special projects and committee work can assist to reduce friction and in turn build camaraderie among employees. Another effective strategy to lower tensions is to assign the older workers as mentors to younger employees. Despite the stereotype of Generation Y’s to be impatient, Downs (2009) states that they keenly understand the value of experience and that they excel at working in teams. By pairing them with older and more experienced workers, this will assist the older workers to feel valued and respected and in turn facilitate the transfer of knowledge between generations, it will also fulfill younger employee’s desires to rocket up the learning curve and improve their chances of promotion. Further to this Caudron (2002) states the importance of dual mentoring relationship. There is a distinct advantage of this method in that two professionals may possess vastly different skill sets, and pairing them will eliminate shortcomings and maximize strengths. However (McGuire, et al. 2007) argues that organizations need to be wary that generational differences in judgments or a destructive tone of relationship such as jealousy or prejudice may have a negative impact on mentoring program and therefore need to link a culture of embracing generational diversity with such HR strategies. This view is supported by Jorgensen (2005) who argues that older employees who are no longer competing for promotion could move into a mentor or coach role to enable effective knowledge transfer to younger employees, while still contributing their skills and experiences directly to specific projects. By engaging all employees, the organization will inevitably improve long term benefits. Engagement of the Workforce Given current economic challenges MATC need to put a premium on fully engaged employees. Promoting employee engagement is one indicator of the effectiveness of HR approaches to talent management, due to the fact that enhancing employee engagement benefits both employees and employers (Downs, 2009). There are a range of benefits resulting from effective engagement including higher productivity, higher job satisfaction, less sick days taken and a longer tenure with the organization. Managing a multigenerational workforce has forced organizations to consider many alternative strategies for engagement. Past research has found varying factors effect the level of engagement; gender, caring responsibilities, physical health, core self evaluation and most importantly, age (Tsai, 2008). MATC needs to identify options for different approaches to enhancing employee engagement. The HR team may want to get suggestions employees about supports that they can rovide for them that would simultaneously support positive work life balance and also enhance engagement. It terms of baby boomers, child care facilities or carers leave may be beneficial. While for generation Y’s past research has shown that work life balance is a priority (Shulman, 2007), therefore an increase in flexible hours may lead to higher levels of engagement. MATC can also put HR strategies in place that directly affect some of the individual characteristics noted above. For example, the offer of wellness initiatives and programs can improve or maintain the health of older workers which can in turn affect their engagement level. While having social gatherings and events may help younger employees have a greater sense of inclusion in the organization. Conversely Gebauer (2006) believes that it is an interaction of an employee’s characteristics and experiences at work that affect their level of engagement. The workplace culture regulates an individual’s experiences at work. Providing employee specific opportunities for training and development, a culture of flexibility, organizational support and perceptions of inclusion and job security are all important in maintaining productive employees. Conclusion Every individual possesses biases that can often prevent them from recognizing the valuable contributions that others can offer; the generational stereotypes that exist in the workplace are usually derived from generational differences in personality and motivational drivers (Brooke, 2003). Tensions arise if these differences are not addressed and can lead to a low morale of the workforce. HR managers need to eliminate generational barriers between older and younger workers and this can be done by imposing an organizational culture that accepts generational differences while promoting the fact that there are consistent drivers across generations (Macky, et al. , 2008). Organizations nowadays can have up to four generations working for them and it is their ability to address generational gaps and manage these differences that is imperative to remaining competitive and having a motivated and productive workforce. As workforce demographics are shifting dramatically, HR managers should aim to provide an effective mix of compensation, benefits, flexible work arrangements and opportunities for growth and development for every individual. Traditional approaches designed to meet the needs of baby boomers are no longer effective and therefore new strategies need to be tailored to a more diverse workforce. Each generation requires a unique set of factors to motivate them at work and human resources plays an important strategic role in enabling diverse talent to thrive (Tsai, 2008). HR strategies should be free of bias from the recruitment, training and development and promotional processes of the organization. Organizations will need to shift away from a mindset that tolerates diversity to one where diversity is valued, harnessed and leveraged to achieve greater business success. This will have implications for organizations to have effective strategies in place to manage and support diversity which are aligned to organizational goals. After all it is a diverse workforce that creates balance and a successful and productive workforce. References Aker, J, M. (2009). Managing a multigenerational workforce. Buildings. 103(1), 46-48. Anonymous. (2006). Beyond age discrimination to leveraging human capital. Human Resource Management International Digest. 14(3). 6-8. Anonymous. (2009). Make plans for Gen Y workers. CU360 Newsletter. 35(7), 2-3. Armstrong-Stassen, M. (2008). Factors associated with job content plateauing among older workers. Career Development International. 13(7), 594-613. Beaver, G. , & Hutchings, K. (2005). Training and developing an age diverse workforce in SMEs. Education & Training. 47(8), 592-604. Brooke, L. (2003). Human resource costs and benefits of maintaining a mature-age workforce. International Journal of Manpower. 24(3), 260-283. Cadrain, D. (2007). Employers prepare to keep, not lose, baby boomers. HRMagazine. 52, 23-24. Carnevale, T. (2005). The coming labor and skills shortage. T&D. 59(1), 37-41. Caudron, S. (2002). Rebuilding trust through communication. Workforce. 81(10), 33-33. Crumpacker, M. , & Crumpacker, J. M. (2007). Succession planning and generational stereotypes: should HR consider age-based values and attitudes a relevant factor or a passing fad? Public Personnel Management. 36(4). 349-369. Downs, K. (2009). Managing Gen Y in recessionary times. Business Credit. 111(4), 28-29. Fallon, T. (2009). Retain and motivate the next generation: 7 ways to get the most out of you millennial workers. Supervision. 70(5), 5-7. Gebauer, J. (2006). Workforce engagement. T&D. 61(2), 28-30. Holland, P. , & De Cieri, H. (2006). Contemporary issues in human resource development: an Australian perspective. NSW, Australia: Pearson Education Australia. Jorgensen, B. (2005). The ageing population and knowledge work: a context for action. Foresight. 7(1), 61-76. Macky, K. , Gardner, D. , & Forsyth, S. (2008). Generational differences at work: introduction and overview. Journal of Managerial Psychology. 23(8), 857-861. McGuire, D. , By, R. T. , & Hutchings, K. (2007). Towards a model of human resource solutions for achieving intergenerational interaction in organizations. Journal of European Industrial Training. 31(8), 592-608. Miller, M. & Siggins, I. (2003). A framework for intergenerational planning. Foresight. 5(6), 18-25. Patrickson, M. , & Hartmann, L. (1995). Australia’s ageing population: implications for human resource management. International Journal of Manpower. 16(5), 34-46. Schulman, S. (2007). Crossing the generational divide: engaging â€Å"young† employees in your organization. Development and Learning in Organizations. 21(2), 7-9. Tsai, J. (2008). Working with the years. CRM Magazine. 12(11), 15-16. Westerman, J. W. , & Yamamura, J. H. (2007). Generational preferences for work environment fit: effects on employee outcomes. Career Development International. 12(2), 150-161.

Traumatic Brain Injury Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment

Traumatic Brain Injury Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment Introduction Traumatic brain injury is caused by sudden external forces that have physical impact on the head and thus the brain. Impacts due to abrupt collisions on the head such as in case of accidents, falls or the being knocked can have adverse effects on the brain that may lead to traumatic brain injury. This paper seeks to discuss traumatic brain injury as a disability. The paper will look into the history of traumatic brain injury, its causes, diagnosis as well as its treatment.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Traumatic Brain Injury: Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More History of traumatic brain injury Traumatic brain injury has a long history. Reference to traumatic brain injury has been made to periods of as early as the nineteenth century. Brain injuries had, by the times of civil wars, been identified and medical steps initiated to help people who suffered from such in juries. Knowledge about traumatic brain injury was in its development process in the nineteenth century following increased cases of injuries that were associated with the brain. The civil war that took place in the second half of the nineteenth century, between the years 1861 and 1865, made the cases of traumatic brain injury rampant. During the time, a lot of people, especially the ones who engaged in gun battles, suffered from gunshot injuries in the head. The low chances of survival due to these injuries were noted and measures taken to help save people who got such injuries. Measures such as pathophysiology had been developed and were being offered to those who suffered from such injuries. Developments of antiseptics were then the only available remedy for such injuries (David et al. 1). Causes of traumatic brain injury Traumatic brain injuries are caused by physical bombardment of the head with an object. Reported causes of these injuries include violent collisions, accidents and hobbies such as sports which may involve accidental knocking of the head. One of the main causes of the traumatic brain injury is accidents caused by motor vehicles. Motor vehicle accidents result in sudden motions and impacts that can lead to the head being knocked resulting to brain injuries. During an accident, a person’s head can be â€Å"stricken, suddenly jerked, or penetrated by a foreign object† (Brain 1). If such effects pass to the brain, then a traumatic brain injury may occur. The injury may be mild or severe depending on the degree of injury caused to the brain. Mild injuries may be temporary with inflicted short time unconsciousness while a severe traumatic brain injury causes prolonged and more extreme effects to the injured person. Motor vehicle accidents cause a large percent of total traumatic brain injuries reported.Advertising Looking for research paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More A research conducted by Atlanta nation center for injury prevention and control conducted in the year 2006 indicated that about at least twenty percent of the reported traumatic brain injuries were due to motor vehicle accidents. In the research, over a million cases of traumatic injuries were reported in America out of which almost three hundred thousand were caused by motor vehicle accidents. The brain injuries encountered in these accidents constitutes the most severe category of traumatic brain injuries. This can be attributed to the fact that most of these accidents lead to high level impacts that exerts a lot of physical pressure on the brain (Brain 1). The effect of the motor vehicle accidents that leads to traumatic brain injuries results from biological properties of the brain that demands coordination among cells of the brain. One of the essentials of this coordination is the nerve system. In an event of an accident, this system may be strained d ue to pressure from sudden movement of the head or even collision of the head with objects in a vehicle or outside a vehicle in the process of the accident. The brain then loses coordination resulting in the injury. Another significant cause of traumatic brain injuries is falls. Though its effects are occasionally less severe, falls cause more cases of traumatic brain injuries as compared to motor vehicle accidents. While motor vehicle accidents cause about twenty percent of brain injuries in America, falls cause close to thirty percent. Falls can occur when a person slips or flips from a high level off the ground. It can also occur as a result of a violent knocks on the head as a result people in a fight or in social activities such as games. Falls account for a higher percentage of the injuries because they occur even in domestic settings. The extent of a brain injury as a result of a fall also varies depending on the nature of the fall. Injuries due to falls are, however, conside red to milder than those as a result of motor vehicle accidents. Other causes of traumatic brain injuries include usage of firearms, sports among others (Brain 1). Diagnosis of traumatic brain injury Some of the symptoms of brain injuries are similar to those of other complications and thus care should be taken during diagnosis to avoid confusing brain damage with other medical complications. One of the key characteristics of traumatic brain injury is â€Å"confusion and disorientation† (CDC 8) of the victim. A person who has developed a brain injury will realize a change into a sense of mental instability characterized by confusion in the activities of the victim.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Traumatic Brain Injury: Causes, Diagnosis and Treatment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The change into this confusion is normally significant and distinguishable from the state of the person prior to the d evelopment of the complication. Unconsciousness that lasts for a long time is another feature that is associated with traumatic brain injury. The interference of the nerve systems in the brain causes lapses that send the victim into long durations of unconsciousness that can last to about half an hour. Higher susceptibility to coma is another indicator that can lead to traumatic brain damage being considered. Though all states of coma are not indicators of brain damage, higher scales, normally rated at thirteen and above, have been associated with traumatic brain injury. Experiences such as: â€Å"amnesia and neurological problems† (CDC 8) also point to possibility of brain injury (CDC 8). Other symptoms such as: â€Å"headaches, dizziness, insomnia, fatigue, nausea, blurred vision, seizures† (CDC 8) together with changes in a person’s behavior such as â€Å"irritability, depression, anxiety, sleep disturbance† (CDC 8) among other characteristic symptoms are indicators of the presence of traumatic brain injury (CDC 8). Care should be taken before conclusive diagnosis into traumatic brain injury is pronounced because most of these symptoms are, independently or in some cases jointly, experienced in other complications (CDC 8). Treatment of traumatic brain injury Developments have not yet been made into a specific treatment of traumatic brain injury. Damages on the head vary to a great extent and a range of care is therefore necessary for the victims subject to specific brain damages. With no availability of treatment, victims are left to the possibility of recovering or rehabilitation if their injuries do not cause death. Mild injuries are recognized to respond to recovery care and this has led to a large percentage of victims regaining their complete health after suffering mild brain injury. It has been established that more than half of victims of mild to moderate traumatic brain injuries recover under counseling on how to deal wit h the injuries. Medical services are however available for controlling and treating other aspects of external injuries suffered in order to minimize brain injuries. Measures like â€Å"removal of foreign bodies, control of bleeding, or craniotomy to relieve pressure from swelling† (Edwards 6) are normally undertaken to control the extent of brain injury suffered from a head injury. Medical care that is available to victims of traumatic brain injury are therefore control measure to help in reducing the degree of damage as well as associated impacts of the injury (Edwards 6). Preventive measures are therefore the only sure alternative for controlling traumatic brain injury. Taking precautions to avoid or reduce accidents as well as their impacts is for example an effective measure in controlling traumatic brain injury (CDC 1).Advertising Looking for research paper on health medicine? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Conclusion Traumatic brain injury is a medical complication that is caused by physical head injuries that penetrates into the brain. The complication can be identified through the symptoms it causes on the individual. Though no treatment has been developed for traumatic brain injury, measures are available for controlling the effects of the disability. Brain. Motor vehicle induced brain injury. Brain Spinal Cord Org, 2011. Web. CDC. Facts for physician about traumatic brain injury. Center for Disease Control, 2011. Web. David et al. The history and evolution of traumatic brain injury, rehabilitation in military service members and veterans. The History and Evolution of Traumatic Brain, 2010. Web. Edwards, Alan. Traumatic Brain Injury: Care and Treatment of Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom Veterans. Washington, DC: DIANE Publishing. Print.

Theodore Roosevelt2 essays

Theodore Roosevelt2 essays Theodore Roosevelt was the twenty-sixth president of the United States. He served in office from 1901 to 1909. With the assassination of President McKinley, Roosevelt, not quite 43, became the youngest President in the Nations history. Roosevelts youth was very different from most of the other Presidents. He was born in New York City in 1858 into a wealthy family. His life was plagued early on by health problems and illness which he overcame. The conquering of his ill health led to Roosevelt supporting a strenuous lifestyle. In 1884, his first wife, Alice Lee Roosevelt, and his mother died on the same day. Following their deaths, Roosevelt spent two years on his ranch in the Dakota Territory. At his ranch, he spent his time driving cattle, big game hunting and even captured an outlaw. During a trip to London, England, he married Edith Carow in December 1886. Roosevelt was a lieutenant colonel in the Rough Rider Regiment during the Spanish- American War. He was one of the most remembered heroes of the war, leading a charge at the battle of San Juan. In 1898, Roosevelt was accepted as the Republican candidate for governor of New York State. He won the election and served as governor with distinction. He was elected as President in 1901 and served until 1909. Roosevelt was responsible for many great achievements during his tenure as President. He believed in fairness and justice while favoring no one over anyone else. Known vibrantly as a trust buster, Roosevelt forced a dissolution of a great railroad combination in the Northwest with more antitrust suits following under the Sherman Act. He was also responsible for the construction of the Panama Canal, the establishment of the U.S. right of intervention in Latin America, the prevention of foreign bases in the Caribbean, and numerous achievements i ...

Board Exams Preparation Tips

At this point, it is very important to analyze the real cause of this ill feeling and root it out before you sit for your board examinations. Let us analyse the situation and see how you can overcome it. The three possible reasons are: ~ When your peers discuss a question with you and their answer is not quite convincing to you. ~ When you try to solve some problem and suddenly realize that you are not able to do it. ~ When your teacher initiates a discussion on a topic which you know very well and you suddenly discover that there is much more to it than what you know. So whats the REAL problem? In all these situations, the real problem is that although you have assimilated the knowledge, you dont know how to use that knowledge to your advantage. This could, most probably, be due to lack of in-depth understanding of the concept. The problem arises when you read through the concepts to gain maximum knowledge about the concept and the knowledge you could actually gain is just superficial. To reinforce knowledge and to understand it correctly and completely, you need to practice by solving the right kind of questions. The Solution: Choosing the RIGHT Questions Now that we know the underlying problem and its solution, the next job is to ensure that the questions identified by you are the right ones. In fact, there are three sources from where you can get the right kind of questions. (a) The NCERT textbook The NCERT textbook contains certain understanding-based questions after every concept dealt with in the book. Basically, the book has been structured in a way that ensures step-by-step learning and assessment of the sub-topics rather than focusing on overall understanding of the topic. Try to solve these questions on your own and get your answers checked by an expert. Identify the questions that you have got wrong and revise the relevant concept before you attempt them again. (b) Question bank A question bank indexed topic-wise or concept-wise can help serve your purpose. Go to a good bookshop and browse through the question banks available. Choose a book that presents the questions concept-wise. Consider the listed question as a mini test on the concept and take it. Get your answers checked by an expert. Look for the concepts you are weak at and work on them. Visit sample papers and exam resources. (c) Online resources Although presented in a structured way, the NCERT questions are not comprehensive and very probing. You can only identify the larger chinks in your preparation from it. The types of questions in the question bank may not be application and understanding-oriented. Another difficulty is that it may not be easy to get your answers evaluated by somebody every single time. This is where online resources like www. topperlearning. com can give you an edge. The tests appearing here are free and evaluation is done at a more advanced platform than that provided by any other available online sources. The main advantage of the tests available on the web site is that they are completely NCERT-based and are very detailed. The tests are designed to identify even the minutest chinks in your preparation. A detailed advisory, pinpointing the areas that you need to focus is automatically generated at the end of the test. Identifying the chinks in your preparation is just the first step but perhaps the most important one towards a perfect score. It is equally important that you fill in these chinks with the help of your teachers, peers and adequate practice material including your text book.

Payment systems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Payment systems - Essay Example An important factor that influences the choice of payment system lies in the value of the transaction. The most efficient and fair payment system in terms of the risk tradeoff for transactions of $100 may not be the same as it is for transactions of $1,000,000. So alternative payment systems often distinguishes between a large-value transfer system (LVTS) and a small-value transfer system (SVTS).2 The following stages are involved in Payment System development: Transitional economies started their payment system development from stage 2, a cash circuit for consumers and a paper-based noncash circuit for enterprises in which all transactions were gross but with long lags between payment instruction and receipt of payment. The prototype DNS system of stage 3 was a simple clearinghouse in London where banks exchanged cheques at the end of each business day. In this system, there were no credit limits between banks, in part because banks did not provide unconditional funds against deposited cheques. Such deposits became unconditional only after clearing and the confirmation that sufficient funds were available in the payer's account. In the case of credit transfers, however, the credit risk is more likely to fall on the receiving bank. With a credit transfer, customers and their receiving banks know that the payer had sufficient funds when making the transfer. So the receiving bank makes funds available to its clients and bears the risk that the payer's bank may fail in the interval between sending the credit transfer information and settling that payment in the end-of-day netting. Stage 4: Most industrial countries had reached stage 4, predominantly with DNS systems, by the 1970s or 1980s. In such unprotected DNS systems, commercial banks provided free, unlimited, uncollateralised intraday credit. 3 As risks in both net and gross systems were recognized, central banks required collateral or charged for intraday credit. With limited intraday liquidity, both DNS and RTGS systems have adopted prioritization arrangements, while some DNS systems have increased the frequency of batch settlements during the day. Stage 5: Automation increased speed and reduced costs, both followed by the dramatic increases in transaction values in both domestic and international financial liberalization that took place during these two decades. The traditional DNS systems of stages 3 and 4 involved unlimited implicit credit granted to the paying bank by the receiving bank from the time a payment instruction was received until the time of final settlement after clearing. Risks In Payment Systems Legal risks are one aspect of the need for certainty about how the system operates. Participants need to know what happens in different circumstances. If a participant defaults, for example, what will be the impact on other participants Operational risk is

The role of fathers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The role of fathers - Essay Example However, the involvement of the father depends of various factors such as the genetic relationship, a male guardian, adopted or step father. Statistics has also proved that children who live with their father do academically well as fathers take added role in guiding their children’s social and intellectual development. Fathers play various roles and functions which are- The effects of a father’s absence results in many economic disadvantages. It is associated with a substantial degree of isolation and affects the child’s development.(1) When fathers are disenfranchised, the research studies have shown that the children have a higher rate of suicides, asthma attacks, mental disorder, depression. (2) According to the sociologist Lewis Yablonsky, fathering style is determined by a father’s own behavior, his financial condition and his economic status. In the past decade, the United States has been titled as the world leader in fatherless families and current statistics show that 34% of the children in the United States live without their father. Research studies have proved that there are positive effects of a father’s involvement. Statistics has proved that the children enjoy going to school and participate in extracurricular activities more when the fathers are more involved in their children’s education. There has also been evidence that the children have more self control and have the ability to take more initiatives and risks.(2) The role of the father and his involvement impacts the children’s development, survival and growth, health and child’s emerging capacity. The father’s contribution to children’s well being is through interactions, constructive engagement in family and social life. (3) 3. Ball, Jessica & Ken Moselle, Father’s contribution to children’s well Being, Public Health Agency of Canada, population health Fund Project, 10th April 2007, from

Case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 6

Case Study Example takeholder include the Government; UNICEF; National Health Committee; NGOs; school teachers; local leaders; national television; media; village sanitation committees; private sector; and households. Responsibilities for stakeholders have been clearly defined in project plans. Impoverished communities around the world suffer from unique problems. Singleton (2003) described origins of problems including lack of access to safe water; lack of facilities for health care; lack of access to educational opportunities; shortage of nutrition; lack of employment opportunities; inadequate transport facilities; and limited or expensive power supplies. Impoverished communities are caused by lack of income because of underemployment; inadequate housing, sanitation, and water supply; limited educational opportunities; or inadequate or expensive transport. Reasons for failure of poverty alleviation strategies include lack of planning for operation and maintenance; limited attention to the development of ownership by the local communities; political interference and intervention; allocation of funds without poverty alleviation strategy; and corruption. Myanmar suffered the deaths of 30000 children in 1997 from diarrhoea. The sanitation coverage was 39 percent for the population, and personal and domestic hygiene was poor. The World Health Report published in 2000 ranked Myanmar 190th among 191 countries. Attempts were made to improve sanitation in the 1990s by promoting community participation. A strategy was the provision of free latrine plans to families, but the project had to be phased out as it did not succeed in achieving community support and became costly. The government realized that its role was to facilitate and stimulate local communities for recognizing and meeting their own needs (Singleton, 2003). The aim of this case study is to highlight the role project governance in the development of engineering solutions for communal sanitation in Myanmar. Aspects of

Ethics in Modern Business Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Ethics in Modern Business Management - Essay Example The business entities are now highlighting the social responsibility acts to elevate their social status as a brand. The regulatory authorities are also making the laws more stringent to accommodate global acceptability of firm. Thus organizations are indirectly provoked to participate in eco-friendly initiatives. The organizations, keeping in view of recent debacles with the companies like Aurthur Anderson and enron started focusing on the building up the ethical standards internally with the help of legal authorities. Sarbanes-Oxley is the most vital tool formulated to monitor the transparency and accountability of organizations in the US. The standards formulated are clubbed with the stringent sanctions, criminal and civil laws. The organizations were made mandatory to disclose the key driving management classifications in the organizations. The minor and major process concerns are to be highlighted to the public through the regular release of financial statements. The audit and key decision making responsibilities were levied on the CEO and CFOs of the organizations. These management processes were now more legally authenticated with respect to macro and micro business environments. Federal Sentencing Guidelines for Organizations: US federal laws & judges have formulated regulations under which the small (SMEs) and medium scale organizations are monitored with respect to the c

THE ENGLISH LAW OF TORT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

THE ENGLISH LAW OF TORT - Essay Example This was demonstrated in the case of Best v Samuel Fox & Co Ltd 1 in which a wife attempted to sue her husband’s employers for his inability to have intercourse with her, due to an accident at work that had left him emasculated. The claim failed on the basis that the claimant had no proprietary right over her husband, and therefore no injuria had been suffered by the claimant. In contrast, however, it is possible for a claim to be brought where no damage has been suffered. This could occur in the case of the tort of trespass and libel. Merely entering onto the land of another without their consent can be actionable, even of the trespasser causes no damage to the land. Likewise, with libel, the publication of the libel can result in an action being brought by the claimant, without requiring the claimant to prove that any loss was suffered as a result of the wrong. In order to prove that the injuria has caused the damnum it is not necessary to prove the intent of the person causing the harm. Even when intent can be proven, the court can determine that the action of the defendant is not illegal, and therefore not actionable. This was determined in The Mayor of Bradford (Bradford Corporation) v Pickles (1895)2 , in which the defendant placed a well on his land, knowing that this would interrupt the water supply of the town and discolour it. Although in this case the motive of the defendant was malicious, the court ruled that his actions were legal as he was entitled to do whatever he liked on his own land3. Conversely, in Wilkinson v Downton (1897)4, the claimant successfully claimed damages, despite the fact that the harm was caused as a result of a joke, and the defendant lacked any intention to cause harm to the claimant. Intention can be of relevance in bringing a claim in cases of malicious prosecution5, falsehood6, or defamation7 as well as in claims for nuisance. One such case where nuisance was established as actionable was

Case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 6

Case Study Example takeholder include the Government; UNICEF; National Health Committee; NGOs; school teachers; local leaders; national television; media; village sanitation committees; private sector; and households. Responsibilities for stakeholders have been clearly defined in project plans. Impoverished communities around the world suffer from unique problems. Singleton (2003) described origins of problems including lack of access to safe water; lack of facilities for health care; lack of access to educational opportunities; shortage of nutrition; lack of employment opportunities; inadequate transport facilities; and limited or expensive power supplies. Impoverished communities are caused by lack of income because of underemployment; inadequate housing, sanitation, and water supply; limited educational opportunities; or inadequate or expensive transport. Reasons for failure of poverty alleviation strategies include lack of planning for operation and maintenance; limited attention to the development of ownership by the local communities; political interference and intervention; allocation of funds without poverty alleviation strategy; and corruption. Myanmar suffered the deaths of 30000 children in 1997 from diarrhoea. The sanitation coverage was 39 percent for the population, and personal and domestic hygiene was poor. The World Health Report published in 2000 ranked Myanmar 190th among 191 countries. Attempts were made to improve sanitation in the 1990s by promoting community participation. A strategy was the provision of free latrine plans to families, but the project had to be phased out as it did not succeed in achieving community support and became costly. The government realized that its role was to facilitate and stimulate local communities for recognizing and meeting their own needs (Singleton, 2003). The aim of this case study is to highlight the role project governance in the development of engineering solutions for communal sanitation in Myanmar. Aspects of

THE ENGLISH LAW OF TORT Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4500 words

THE ENGLISH LAW OF TORT - Essay Example This was demonstrated in the case of Best v Samuel Fox & Co Ltd 1 in which a wife attempted to sue her husband’s employers for his inability to have intercourse with her, due to an accident at work that had left him emasculated. The claim failed on the basis that the claimant had no proprietary right over her husband, and therefore no injuria had been suffered by the claimant. In contrast, however, it is possible for a claim to be brought where no damage has been suffered. This could occur in the case of the tort of trespass and libel. Merely entering onto the land of another without their consent can be actionable, even of the trespasser causes no damage to the land. Likewise, with libel, the publication of the libel can result in an action being brought by the claimant, without requiring the claimant to prove that any loss was suffered as a result of the wrong. In order to prove that the injuria has caused the damnum it is not necessary to prove the intent of the person causing the harm. Even when intent can be proven, the court can determine that the action of the defendant is not illegal, and therefore not actionable. This was determined in The Mayor of Bradford (Bradford Corporation) v Pickles (1895)2 , in which the defendant placed a well on his land, knowing that this would interrupt the water supply of the town and discolour it. Although in this case the motive of the defendant was malicious, the court ruled that his actions were legal as he was entitled to do whatever he liked on his own land3. Conversely, in Wilkinson v Downton (1897)4, the claimant successfully claimed damages, despite the fact that the harm was caused as a result of a joke, and the defendant lacked any intention to cause harm to the claimant. Intention can be of relevance in bringing a claim in cases of malicious prosecution5, falsehood6, or defamation7 as well as in claims for nuisance. One such case where nuisance was established as actionable was

I Love School Essay Example for Free

I Love School Essay Doors and windows -It is suggested to use wooden door and window frames instead of concrete or steel. Framing Timber framing -naturally sound insulated -strong structure -construction times are less Recycled steel framing -It’s easy to use when contractors are building your house -less framing material compared to wood but will still be the same structure if you used wood. -Walls, roof and ceilings will not change due to the weather changes -they do not rot, absorb moisture or create mould -resistant against termites Roofing Cool roofing -once the product is painted onto your roof the sun is reflected away. it can be painted on wood, concrete, plaster, metal and glass. -when it’s hot it is preferred that you wear white instead of black, cool roofing is where it reflects the sun and stays cooler because it’s a white colour -cost more than normal roofing but once it starts to work it lowers your bill. -having the roof that you probably have on your house now can reach temperatures of over 70 degrees storing more heat into your house, cool roofing’s temperature only goes to 20-35 degrees at most without insulation leaving your house cooler and saving you from paying heavy cooling bills. Authentic roof made from recycled materials -been said that it’s virtually unbreakable -they are extremely light weight -has UV protection which stops it from fading -contains no toxin materials Roof tiles -colour will not fade, rust or corrode -are a natural thermal insulator. In winter they keep the cold air out and the heat in. In summer they keep the heat out and cold in -natural sound insulator -they are heat resistance; therefore they provide protection against bush fires -made with naturally occurring clay which can be recycled into new clay tiles and bricks Insulation Spray foam insulation -75% noise reduction reduces mould and condensation growth -saves on electricity bills Structural insulation panels -50% more energy efficient -40% less construction time -the core of the panels is made of Expanded Polystyrene which is made from using a low-environmental process which means it does not contain any major carbons. The Oriented Strand Board which is an engineered wood product is made from harvesting a fast growing crop forest which makes the materials renewable and sustainable. -fire resistant -can be used for floors, foundations and basements -bricks and stone can be installed on the panels SIP’s are also used as walls although you can put stone, or brick over the top of it. There is no need for painting as SIP’s come in a range of colour. recycled denim -made from old jeans that have been cleaned, stripped and covered in boric acid which is mould, fire and insect resistant -doesn’t contain any throat or skin irritations -creates a greater sound barrier -its 100% recyclable -requires small amount of energy to manufacture -doesn’t itch and easy to handle -when the insulation gets wet its manufactured to breathe and release the moisture. Also contains active mould inhibitors recycled paper 100% recyclable -takes 10 times less energy to produce than half of the other insulation -non-corrosive -doesn’t support mould or fungus growth -it reduces overheating and overcooling also good for sound insulation Heating/cooling Solar smart breeze -collects solar energy from under a tile or timber roof and cools the house in summer and heats it in winter Spilt system -energy efficient when compared to portable and window air conditioners Hyd ronic heating -uses radiant warmth. Evaporative cooling -uses natural air Smartbreeze -reduces 40% greenhouse gases -saves energy and electricity bills can also work at night providing nocturnal cooling how it works with a metal roof heating. During winter and cold days there can be a build-up of warm heated air between the roof, sheets and foils. The air is dragged to the smartbreeze unit and the fan energised by the solar panel that’s placed on your roof force the warm air through ceiling vents and into your living spaces creating a warmer environment. Cooling during the day during hot weather hot air builds up into your roof. The solar energised fans force the now cold air into your living space which then reduces the temperature. Roof ventilation Avoiding a build up of moisture in winter and to reduce an excessive heat build up in the summer -Some benefits are – lowing energy bills, greater comfort in home, ensure the health of your family -Removes dust which enters through tiny gaps of the house structure increasing your health. Gardening fake grass Regal grass -100% recycled -Contains no harmful toxins or heavy metals -no infill like sand is needed for the insulation -not spiky like real grass, soft to touch and walk on -doesn’t need to be mowed, therefore low maintenance is needed. There is no need to sweep away the excess grass that’s left over. Termiturf -no watering, mowing or fertilizing -its low maintenance -doesn’t lose colour or fade real grass -Needs to be watered at least once a week -Needs to be mowed, the petrol from the lawn mower pollutes the air -Needs to be fertilized, using fertilizer is bad because the chemicals that are in it get washed into either, rivers, oceans and lakes. That causes algae to grow and creatures that live in the water or drink the water. grey water -grey water is collected from you shower, bath or washing machine, it is then diverted into a pump called the waste water system, once the water flows hrough the pump it is then diverted into your garden. -it can save up to 350-700L per day -less energy and chemical use -lower water bills Drip irrigation -weed growth is reduces because between plants the areas aren’t irrigated -constant moisture which improves growth in plants -you don’t need to move them around like a sprinkler, they can stay there permenately -decreased fe rtilizer cost -60% more efficiency over sprinkler systems Flooring Cork flooring -made from trees. The trees are not cut down, they are made from the bark which grows back every 3 years -cork flooring contains a low or no VOC (volatile organic compound).

Advice To A Young Man English Literature Essay

Advice To A Young Man English Literature Essay Benjamin Franklin, Founding Fathers of the United States, was born on January 17, 1706 and died on April 17, 1790 aged 84. Franklin was a lead author and printer, satirist, political theorist, politician, postmaster, scientist, inventor, civic activist, statesman, and diplomat. As a scientist, he was a significant figure in the American Enlightenment and the history of physics for his discoveries as well theories regarding electricity. He invented the glass armonica, the Franklin stove, bifocals, a carriage odometer, and the lightning rod. At the age of 24, Franklin publicly acknowledged an illegitimate son named William. In June 25, 1745, Benjamin Franklin wrote a letter Advice to a Friend on Choosing a Mistress. In this he is advice to a young man on how to channel his sexual urges. He states that a remedy for sexual desire is unknown. His advice would be to take a wife. Having doubts that the intended reader will finally get married; the speaker outlines several advantages of marrying. That the intended reader would succeed in his industry if he gets a healthy wife. According to Franklin, a prudent wife is economical and she is sufficiently a fortune. The author is able to portray a woman as very important in any family (McGovern 10). Incase the above arguments fails; Franklin lists seven explanations why an older mistress is better than a young one. Advantages include greater caution in conducting an intrigue, less risk of unwanted pregnancy, and better conversation. The author advised the young man that his reputation will be safer with the commerce of woman. According to Franklin, a woman is able to safeguard her familys reputations incase of an affair. She is capable of forming a mans manners by her good counsel. Born in St. Johns, Antigua and Barbuda on May 25, 1949, as Elaine Cynthia Potter Richardson, Jamaica Kincaid is an American Caribbean gardener, author and novelist. Throughout the academic year she teaches at Claremont McKenna College in Claremont, California, resides with her family in North Bennington, Vermont, in the summers. In St. Johns, Antigua and Barbuda she was brought up by her mother and stepfather, who was a carpenter, until 1965 at age of 19 where she moved to America, New York to work as an aupair. She changed her name to Jamaica Kincaid since her family criticized her writing, in 1973. She has given birth to a son, named Harold, and a daughter, named Annie, with her former husband Allen Shawn. She recently converted to Judaism a minority religion with minority of Black people. She writes extensively on women and their relationships with one another, especially mother to her daughter to be precise as depicted in her works such as Annie John, Lucy, The Autobiography of M y Mother, and Girl which a collection of stories and was first published in 1983 in At the Bottom of the River. In her poem Girl she talks about the morals and norms imposed on women by the humanity, and at times, their own community and social group as well. Here, the major theme of conflicts between a mother and her daughter and traditional and Western or modern values are portrayed by her effective illustration of daughters relationship with her mother. The literary work was done when St. Johns, Antigua and Barbuda was moving from a colonial state and my people were at crossroads on whether to keep African-based Obeah culture or be assimilated in the British or Western ways (Gioia and Kennedy 379). The speaker in Girl employs the use of constant command which makes obvious that she feels as if she ought to be ruthless and simple with the girl in order for her to be taken seriously. The orator desires the girl to know how to behave, and the only approach she finds in which to do so is by authorizing the girl to do specific chores and making it look like there is alternative way in which to perform them. The orator tries to teach the girl by replicating fine points for instance how to set a table in five diverse circumstances. By demonstrating that there is a great deal to be learned to adequately carry out a simple task such as setting the table, the orator shows the girl that she ought to pay attention and put effort to succeed as a woman. In this way, the speaker acts as a role model as well as a counselor to the girl. The speaker shows that a woman has various roles as well various ways of performing the same task (University of Delhi 88). In both the literary works the writers portray the fact that women are expected to obtain and maintain clothes and are responsible for mens clothing. This is depicted in Kincaids Girl where it begins with laundry: Wash the white clothes on Monday and put them on the stone heap; wash the color clothes on Tuesday and put them on the clothesline to dry; After this the mother comes with demonstration on how you iron your fathers khaki shirt so that it doesnt have a crease; this is how you iron your fathers khaki pants so that they do not have a crease. In Benjamin Franklin, Advice to a Young Man on the Choice of a Mistress prudent healthy Wife is supposed to take care of her husband well so that he succeeds in his profession. This is also seen where the Girl is taught how to prepare and grow different foods. In this family a girl is expected to learn how to fish and to soak salt fish overnight before you cook it. Thus, in the two literary works the women are supposed to be caring of the husband and the rest of the family in terms of general wellbeing of the family. Being economically savvy is a virtue implied by both writers in their works. In the Girl she learns how to shop for bread grow root vegetable, okra and dasheen, and prepare pumpkin fritters, doukona (a coconut, banana and cornmeal pudding) bread pudding and pepper pot. These are humble dishes which are supposed to make ends meet. In Benjamin Franklin, Advice to a Young Man on the Choice of a Mistress a wife is supposed to be with her good Economy, and the husband will be a Fortune sufficient. The art of nursing is required of women in these literary works. This is whereby, as in the case of Girl, she has to learn how to make a good medicine for a cold and in the Benjamin Franklins work the lady has to learn to do a 1000 Services small and great, and are the most tender and useful of all Friends when you are sick. Therefore, the two societies though centuries apart, this knowledge was mandatory for all women and girls who are about to become wives. Behaving well in public places especially in front of men was greatly emphasized whereby the Girl is told this is how to behave in the presence of men who do not know you very well, and this way they wont recognize immediately the slut I have warned you against becoming. The mistress in Benjamin Franklins work Advice to a Young Man they are more prudent and discreet in conducting an Intrigue to prevent Suspicion. Thus both women and girls are supposed to carry themselves with decorum to avoid tainting their images. Being beautiful despite the age and chores that one does is not expected of women in the two literary works. In Advice to Young Man the lady learns how to maintain her attractiveness by having confidence in her by not leaning on looks. The Girl has to be smart even if it means washing with her own spit. In the Girl the mother tells the daughter how to how to bully a man; this is how a man bullies you Thus the woman has a role to play in introducing her daughter to complicated dating world. The mistress in the Advice to Young Man knows how to seduce effortlessly young boys by knowing how to kindly take care of a young Man, form his Manners by her good Counsels. Therefore, dating roles in both works are antagonistic whereby girls are expected to be chased by boys while old ladies seduce the young boys. Therefore, from the above roles of women in both the Girl by Jamaica Kincaid and Benjamin Franklins Advice to a Young Man on the Choice of a Mistress have significant similarities and disparities as also evident in the world today. Both authors represent a different period in time as well as station in life. Franklin is a man of status offering advice to someone he wishes to succeed in life. Franklin appreciate the roles of a healthy woman whereas Kincaid depicts the nurturing the roles of a well behaved woman.

The Duel Essay -- essays research papers

In reviewing John Lukacs, The Duel, I noticed that the author has other intentions in mind besides the facts. Lukacs gives a very precise account of the actualy events during those eighty days but in my opinion he wants the reader to grab the bigger concepts. One of these concepts is that Lukacs wants the reader to honestly consider just how close the Allies came to losing the war. Another of these notions is the idea that the main difference between Churchill and Hitler concerned nationalism versus patriotism and a third idea is just how greatly history can be effected by the courageous decisions of a few people.Lukacs makes strong mention of how close Hitler came to victory. Hitler got everything he wanted for so long, without even having to resort to force. Lukacs describes Hitler as ''being an amateur at generalship, but he posessed the great professional talent applicable to all human affairs: an understanding of human nature and the understanding of the weaknesses of his opponents. That was enough to carry him very far''(3). Lukacs wants to make that a point in all of his readers' minds; that Hitler could manipulate people so he could get what he wanted without resorting to violence. Of course, the threat of violence was always present but Hitler was smart enough that he could scare his enemies enough that they would not want to engage in combat. Once actually forced to fight, Hitler still dominated and he could have very possibly won the war if not for that one fatal mistake he made by hesitating in his plans against the English. I think it is important that Lukacs makes sure to get this message across because some people choose to ignore this truth due to the devastating outcomes that would have resulted if Hitler succeeded. The major point presented by Lukacs concerning the difference between Hitler and Churchill has to do with nationalim versus patriotism. Lukacs describes Hitler as a nationalist and Churchill as a patriot. He describes Hitler as a man of ideas and Churchill as a of man principles, because Churchill's ideas changed throughout the war while Hitler tended to think that his ideas were principles. In a footnote there lies a a brilliant explanation of this idea. Dr. Johnson states ''Nationalism is the last refuge of a scoundrel. Patriotism is defensive, while nationalism is aggressive. Patriotism is not a substitute for a relig... ...till evident in this directive when it says if necessary. Hitler delivered his speech for a last attempt at peace on July 19, but it did not work. One of his main goals for the speech was to disconnect the people of England from Churchill but this failed because of the manner in which he spoke about Churchill. The next day, Hitler said that the English response meant that the German attack would commenec on Britain in a few days. Looking back at how these events unfolded, everyone should be glad that Hitler made such a mistake. I, for one couldn't believe that Hitler made this mistake. Throughout reading this entire book Hitler usually makes swift, decisive actions that get results and that is why Lukacs stresses this string of events in the book.Overall, this book is wonderfully written on a very interesting topic. The reader is put in the middle of a war of nerves and will between two men, one of which we have grown up to learn to hate. This only makes us even more emotional about the topic at hand. For a history book, it was surprisingly understandable and hard to put down. It enlightened me to the complex problems that existed in the most memorable three months this century.

Graduation Speech -- Graduation Speech, Commencement Address

The Class of 2012. How long have we heard these words applied to us? Long years starting with broken crayons in kindergarten to inside-out sweatshirts in middle school to late English essays — 13 years of learning from the simplest counting to complicated algebra and calculus, from reciting our ABCs to reading Shakespeare. Imagine, us coming out of our respective middle schools into this monster of a campus. With three times as many people — people who drive. People who have cars and are legal adults. We’ve been here for four years. Count the quarters: there are 16 of them. Remember freshmen year: that infatuation with older students, and how being friends with a senior gave you immeasurable social status? There were some sophomores who didn’t tease us for being freshmen, and we clung to them. Remember walking in late to every class on the first day of school, and maybe the second... maybe the third... Every morning we rode the yellow school bus. Our first pep assembly was amazingly loud and we walked out half-deaf. The cheerleaders were trying to get us to shout something, alter we figured out it was "double-oh." Remember when our "commitment to graduation" banner was stolen out of the library? And that first last, day of school: promising to meet everyone again come September. Four down, 12 to go. Sophomore year. Well, maybe by the time we were sophomores we may not have been completely settled into our own high-school persona but at least we knew where we were. And maybe, that first day of school, we still were late to every single class. We learned the meaning of the word â€Å"sophomoric† that year, and teased the freshmen, getting some symbolic retribution for what the sophomores did to use the year before. Eventually... ...ers ago, so were we. Yesterday has passed. Now we stand on the brink of adulthood. We have counted the cost, we’ve counted the quarters and paid the price, we’ve paid four years. Sixteen quarters. Right now we all have a legacy that we’ve left on Ayer High School, a legacy developed from four years of walking down the halls, eight semesters of sitting in the classrooms and sixteen quarters of developing our personalities. We were the anxious freshmen, the obnoxious sophomores, the lazy juniors and the graduating seniors. But, in 10 years, who are we going to be? Will we still drink Sobes, Jones or Yogochinos? Have the same wallpaper on our computer monitors? Will we still fly out at any hour of the night to go to Dick’s or Taco Bell? Whatever the answers, what we’ve each learned here will remain at the core of the people we become. We are the Class of 2006.

Kant defines God as simply the idea

Kant defines God as simply the idea (in his technical sense of idea) or analogical image of systematic unity. As an existent, ‘God' is a natural illusion. We can have no cognition of God or an underlying substratum because such concepts transcend the conditions of possible experience. In the phenomenal realm, God or the ens realissimum, an individual being containing â€Å"the sum-total of all possibilities† or all predicates of things in general – can be characterized only negatively. God is not an object and as such can be cognized only by analogy with nature. It is by means of this analogy that there remains a concept of the Supreme Being sufficiently determined for us, though we have left out everything that could determine it absolutely and it itself.In his analysis of the conditions of the possible cognition of objects Kant distinguishes between different kinds of judgments. In doing so, he is examining what type of cognitions make up, or could make up, the concept of God or any other metaphysical consideration. Kant does not divide propositions, as traditionally done, into the empirical and the a priori. Instead, Kant talks about judgments, propositions that are held by a subject. Kant argues that all judgments are either analytic or synthetic, and either a priori or a posteriori. Analytic judgments are those in which the predicate inheres in the subject or is presupposed by it. Synthetic judgments are those in which the predicate is not in the subject.A priori in the Kantian sense means held before experience, or what can be held without experience. A posteriori means dependent on and derived from experience. Kant's analysis of judgments has implications for the analysis of metaphysical concepts such as God. If metaphysics is at all possible, then its judgments cannot be empirical or a posteriori. Nor can they be analytic, since this would be contrary to the very idea of going beyond what is given – something that metaphysics claims as its defining characteristic.In its traditional guise, the cosmological proof is premised upon finite and contingent being or, more to the point, conditioned being.   What is conditioned has conditions, and the mind is naturally led to infer condition from conditioned without limit.   The only possible way to end this regress (and thereby to satisfy understanding) is by positing unconditioned being.   Kant expresses the proof as follows:   â€Å"If anything exists, an absolutely necessary being must also exist.   Now I, at least, exist.   Therefore an absolutely necessary being exists†. Without absolutely necessary (i.e., unconditioned) being to end the regress of causes, there is no completeness to the series and no satisfaction for understanding.On the otherhand, Hegel’s ultimate aim in discussing the proofs for the existence of God (viz., the cosmological, teleological, and ontological) is to remove what he calls the ‘distortion’ ev ident in their popular exposition. Hegel takes this distortion to be the well-spring of Kant’s widely accepted refutation of the proofs.   Hegel explains, â€Å"our task is to restore the proofs of God’s existence to a position of honor by stripping away that distortion†Ã‚   Kant’s damning attack, then, is not directly met by Hegel.The Kantian criticisms were, for Hegel, by and large warranted given his construal of the proofs.   Hegel’s aim is rather to recast the nature of these proofs (and proof in general).   Hegel accomplishes this end is quite naturally in light of his reformulation of metaphysics.   His subsequent reintroduction of the proofs is one that is able to avoid Kant’s refutation – a refutation which Hegel thinks is based upon a mistaken view of human conception.There is very little regarding Kant’s analysis that Hegel finds objectionable given Kant’s rendition of the proofs.   Rather than refut e Kant directly, Hegel is far more concerned that we see these proofs in their ‘true and proper form’.   According to Hegel, Kant â€Å"failed to recognize the deeper basis upon which these proofs rest, and so was unable to do justice to their true elements†. In each case, Hegel agrees, the infinite is supposed to be reached from a starting-point which is finite.   This transition, however, is not the static formal mediation Kant believes it to be.   Hegel explains, This knowledge of God, is inwardly a movement; more precisely, it is an elevation to God.   We express religion essentially as an elevation, a passing over from one content to another.   It is the finite content from which we pass over to God, from which we relate ourselves to the absolute, infinite content and pass over to it .Returning to the proofs themselves, Hegel finds that they evidence the progression of human thought itself.   Kant was in part correct in his claim that the ontolog ical proof is the battlefield on which the outcome of the war is to be determined.   For Hegel, the ontological proof is the most profound achievement of spirit.   It comes late in the historical play of appearances for this reason.   For Hegel, furthermore, the deficiencies particular to each of the earlier proofs are very nearly the ones pointed out by Kant.The cosmological proof has as its point of departure the nonsystematic cognition of the world (i.e., the world is not seen as Nature). â€Å"By the term world we understand the aggregate of material things.† In this mode of proof, consideration is first given to the being of variety, flux, and contingency evidenced by this aggregate.   â€Å"This is the kind of starting-point from which the spirit raises itself to God†.   This elevation, as already discussed, is impossible if one affirms this contingency. Further, to affirm the contingency of the world is to overlook its self-negating character.This next proof is so similar to the first that it seems unnecessary to consider it in great detail.   There are, however, also some distinctive insights worth mentioning.   Again, the proof departs from an apprehension of finitude – in this case determinate finitude.   â€Å"There is finite being on one side, though it is not just abstractly defined, or defined only as being, but rather as being that has within it the more substantial determination of being something physically alive†.   The negation of finitude is, again, at the same time an elevation and affirmation.The ontological proof also finds its point of departure in finitude.   In this case, finitude appears in the form of subjectivity.   Progress is not to be had by affirming the finitude of the mere conception of God.   Such an affirmation amounts to a reduction of all conception to mere representation.   This finitude of consciousness (in which consciousness is construed as subject in contradistinc tion to object) must, of course, be negated.   Conception must be cast in its true and proper light.This final proof is the culmination of millennia of progress in the realm of consciousness for Hegel.   â€Å"Only when spirit has grown to its highest freedom and subjectivity does it grasp this thought of God as something subjective and arrive at this antithesis of subjectivity and objectivity†.   It is natural that the earlier proofs should therefore fall short of their mark.   This elevation fits naturally into Hegel’s larger system for understanding the history of religion, consciousness, being, and culture.   Indeed, Hegel explains, â€Å"Even within the Christian era it was not accomplished for a long time, because it involves the most profound descent of spirit into itself†.